Palang Merah: “Tubuh Taliban tidak membusuk!”

Oleh: Doktor Muhammad Andar.

Komite Palang Merah Amerika telah mengeluarkan laporan dalam lamanwebnya mengenai mayat-mayat (syuhada) Taliban dibandingkan mayat pasukan asing. Komite tersebut yang memiliki tugas mengambil dan mengubur mayat di provinsi Mazar Sharif Afghanistan, menunjukkan keheranannya mengapa tubuh mayat Taliban tidak rusak maupun mengeluarkan bau busuk?!

Laporan tersebut mengatakan bahwa investigator awalnya mengira bahwa karena cuaca dinginlah adanya fenomena itu, hanya saja teori tersebut hancur berkeping-keping karena tubuh pasukan dari sekutu utara yang tergeletak di area yang sama telah rusak dan mengeluarkan bau yang menjijikkan.

Laporan tersebut terus menyatakan bahwa mereka ingin melakukan penelitian tentang makanan yang dimakan oleh pejuang Taliban! Para peneliti juga ingin mencari tahu apakah adanya korelasi antara makanan dan darah karena darahnya beberapa Taliban tetap hangat walau setelah kematiannya!

(Sumber: Al-Misryoon, Ana Muslim dan beberapa website lainnya)

Adalah hadiah dari Allah SWT apabila musuh mengakui di depan teman-temannya mengenai mukjizat yang ditunjukkan melalui syuhada Taliban karena pembantaian pasukan salib. Harus dikemukakan bahwa jika semua peneliti maupun ilmuan biologi di planet ini mau bergabung dan meneliti seumur hidupnya, mereka tidak akan pernah menemukan jawabannya terhadap kasus yang membingungkan ini. Tanpa kita ketahui, bisa jadi mereka malah mencoba untuk menemukan tubuh Ibrahim AS yang penuh berkah dan mempelajari struktur biologinya sehingga mereka bisa membuat baju anti api untuk para prajuritnya.

Teringat pidato dari ulama terkenal, Ustaz Yasir, pada saat pemakaman komandan terbaik dari Imarah Islam, Syahid Mullah Abdul Manaan Ahmad rahimahullah: “Di sini saya akan memberikan sedikit contoh yang dapat dimengerti semua orang dan tidak ada yang bisa mengingkari tentang kenapa Taliban adalah di sisi yang benar dan rezim Kabul di sisi yang bathil; Kenapa mayat kami tidak rusak dan mengeluarkan bau busuk sedangkan mayat oposisi kami membusuk dan baunya sangat menyengat?!”

Berhubung aroma dari syahid Mullah Abdul Manaan terus-terusan semerbak, ustad yang disegani itupun menambahkan: “Saya tantang semua orang untuk datang! Mari ambil satu mayat dari sisi kami dan satu dari sisi musuh yang terbunuh pada saat bersamaan dan oleh senjata yang sama. Kita akan meninggalkan mereka dalam kondisi fisik dan kimia yang sama. Lalu mari kita perhatikan, bahwa mayat dari sisi kami mewangi seperti misik dan tampa lebih indah dan mayat lainnya menggembung dan mulai rusak dan baunya busuk! Sekarang biarkan spesialis dunia dalam bidang sains dan kimia menginvestigasi dan temukan alasannya.”

Kita juga jangan lupakan salah satu faktor desersi dalam pasukan Kabul adalah karena mukjizat yang ditunjukkan melalui para syuhada Taliban. Satu kelompok prajurit ANA (Afghan National Army) di provinsi Nangarhar, distrik Ghani Khel yang meninggalkan tugasnya memberitahukan alasan dari desersi mereka yaitu: “Satu ketika kita bertarung hadap-hadapan dengan Taliban di provinsi Kandahar, Taliban mundur sedangkan mayat dari sisi kami dan mereka tergeletak di medan perang. Lalu kami diperintahkan untuk berdiam di area tersebut pada malam hari. Waktu pun berlalu, mayat kami mulai rusak dan mengeluarkan bau sangat menyengat yang tidak bisa diungkapkan dengan kata-kata. Di sisi lain, mayat Taliban mulai mengeluarkan bau yang asing tapi harum dan indah. Saat itu juga, teman-teman kami meninggalkan mayat temannya dan duduk di sebelah mayat syuhada Taliban”. Prajurit itu menambahkan: “Jadi pada pagi harinya, aku dan teman-temanku mengemas barang-barang pribadi kami dan meninggalkan semuanya, padahal tinggal dua atau tiga hari lagi mendapatkan gaji dan pulang!!”

Satu buku tentang mukjizat yang ditunjukkan melalui syuhada dalam jihad melawan soviet telah dirangkum oleh ulama syahid terkenal Syaikh Abdullah Azzam rahimullah dalam sebuah judul “Ayat ar Rahmaan fi Jihad al Afghan” yang dalamnya ratusan insiden telah disampaikan. Jadi semoga Allah memberikan ulama zaman ini keteguhan untuk menyingsingkan lengan bajunya dan menulis tentang mukjizat-mukjizat yang ditampakkan dalam medan perang dan oleh para syuhada dalam jihad saat ini, sehingga manusia dapat membedakan antara kebenaran dan kebathilan dan akhirnya akan bergabung dengan kebenaran.

Akhir kata, saya memohon dengan sangat kepada seluruh pembaca agar dengan ikhlas mendoakan saya untuk dapat melaksanakan jihad dan pada akhirnya mendapatkan karunia sebagai syuhada, sebuah status yang diajarkan oleh Rasulullah SAW dan diimpikan oleh beliau.

Imarah Islam Afghanistan

(ibnusyahin/arrahmah.com)

Read more: http://arrahmah.com/read/2011/12/22/1697…

Setting up DVB-C (cable)

In this chapter you’ll find information about how to setup up MythTV as a cable (DVB-C) receiver. For general information about DVB and DVB-C you should read the chapter called About DVB.

Common Steps 1-3

TODO insert common part of adding the capture device, creating a video source and connecting both here

Step 4: The Scan for Channels

In order to scan DVB-C with MythTV, you need to give it an initial transponder in a tuned scan. The data you need to enter is: frequency, polarity, symbol rate and modulation. The information can be obtained from your operator. (Should it not be easily available it can also be obtained from an initial tuning file or a channels.conf for your location.)

Setting up MythTV as a satellite receiver (DVB-S)

–> You can skip this chapter if you’re not using MythTV as a satellite reveiver.

This chapter explains how to configure your DVB-S (Satellite) capture devices. Before reading this page you should read MythTV structure. First the basics are explained followed by a step-by-step example. As example we will be using a DVB-S capture card from Technotrend (the Technotrend Budget S-1500), but this guide should work for any DVB-S card supported by your operating system.

“The Technotrend Budget S-1500 is a DVB-S capturecard with the possibility of adding a optional CI module. A CI-module gives you the possibility to add a Cam module so you can view encrypted channels (pay-tv). This is optional for most DVB cards and does not change any of the following configuration steps.’”‘

What about PayTV and encrypted channels?

If you are using your setup to watch encrypted channels (payTV) then you need to pay attention to your choice of hardware. your DVB capture device needs to support the use of a CI device. CI devices can be:

1. Integrated with your DVB device;
2. Connected directly to your capture device
3. Connected to your computer: In this case the device driver for your operating system needs to support this (e.g. a USB based CI device).

Depending on your Television provider you need a CAM module to insert into your CI. In this Cam module you insert your smartcard provided by your television supplier. In short your hardware will be connected like:

Smartcard --> Cam module --> CI slot --> capture device --> computer

From this point on you can follow this guide. Your hardware should decode your television signal automaticaly, transparent for MythTV.

Setting up you capture device

–> you can skip this part if you’re dvb-s device is already working properly

In most cases your capture cards should work “out-of-the-box”, adjustments are not necessary. To check if your capture device is working you see the following during boot or by using the dmesg command from the terminal.

> dmesg

the output should see:

saa7146 (0): dma buffer size 192512
DVB: registering new adapter (TT-Budget/S-1500 PCI).
adapter MAC has addr = 00:11:22:33:44:55
Input: Budget-CI dvb ir receiver saa7146 (0) as / class/input/input0
budget_ci: CI interface initialised
registering frontend 0 (ST STV0299 DVB-S) ...

The card is now ready for use. If your devices is not support by default then find out how to get drivers for it.

The ubuntu package named linux-firmware-nonfree contains drivers for some DVB-S cards, however there was an issue with some versions prior to 1.8(as shipped with lucid) See http://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/Hauppauge_WinTV-HVR-4000#Mythbuntu_9.04_users

MythTV configuration

Start mythtv-setup as root, and select option 2. Capture cards. Choose “(New capture card). Fill the configuration as follows:

• Card Type: DVB DTV capture card (v3.x)
• DVB Card Number: 0 (if this is your first DVB card. The number corresponds with what at the end of the dmesg output is displayed: “registering frontend 0″.)
• By filling out the card, you’ll see that “Frontend ID” and “Subtype” automatically filled.
• The timeouts can remain on their default values.

Now your screen should look somewhat like the one below (this may vary depending your version and look).

Capture card setup

DiSEqC

If you use a DVB-S capture device, you need to setup the right settings for DiSEqC. This is the protocol which enables your system to tell your dish to which satellite it has to look.

• Click on DiSEqC in the configuration of the capture card.
• If nothing had yet been configured, you will see “(Unconnected)” on top of the screen. Select this to make adjustments.

Introduction

The previous chapter explained the general backend settings. Settings pertaining to mythbackend which (when properly configured) will allow a MythTV system to watch live and record television will be covered here:

1. General General Backend settings (Discussed in the previous chapter)
2. Capture Cards Add and configure capture devices here
3. Video Sources create guide data.
4. Input connections Assign EPG data sources to capture cards / video inputs here.
5. Channel Editor scan and configure channels here
6. Storage Directories Configure (but not create) directories MythTV uses as storage for the likes of recordings.
7. System Events Configure scripts to be run by event triggers.

This chapter explains all the basics but for your convenience we have included specific chapters in this manual for each type of capture device (See the index of this manual).

Capture Cards

For flexibility, MythTV uses a modular approach to internal architecture. This - unfortunately? - also means that the MythTV administrator - You! - has to get familiar with this architecture to make the most of your system, especially if it contains more than one single capture card!

The first element in any MythTV system is the capture card(s): these can be actual TV cards (analog or digital), ‘Virtual’ IPTV cards such as the FreeBox recorder, or simply video capture cards connected to an external set-top box. All these cards provide a video feed to the system. They receive orders from the system to change their active channel(s), move a satellite dish, simulate a remote key press, you name it. One of the strengths of MythTV is that you can install several capture cards on your system and merge content from many different origins on the same box: DVB, Analog TV, IPTV, etc, and to allow recording a program (or several if you install more cards) while watching another.

Video sources

Video Sources define the methods for retrieving Electronic Program Guide data (EPG) into the system. These sources can be created using mythtv-setup and then associated with specific Capture Cards in the Input Connections screen.

MythTV can extract EPG from capture cards that support this, but since broadcast EPG data is usually fairly limited in terms of timespan and content, it can also download data from the Internet using ancillary software such as XmlTV.

In a typical MythTV setup, you will create one separate source per type of capture card (analog, DVB, IPTV) that is installed on your system. For each source, you will select how the program guide data is fetched and for what channels. e.g. XmlTV CableTV Analog Channels, XmlTV CableTV Digital Channels, EPG Free to Air Channels,etc. This can be confusing for many users, as there are many different program grabbers with different capabilities and slightly different behaviors depending on what area in the world you live in. (there is a good chance MythTV will actually request you to get back to the terminal window to manually configure the mapping of Program Guide data and actual channels - more on this later -.)

Adding a new video source.

Video source configuration in mythtv-setup.

Section 9.1 of the manual describes the setup process for video sources. North American users can choose SchedulesDirect to supply the schedule information while those outside North America should use XMLTV. Transmitted guide data (EIT) can also be used as a source or a supplement to the other sources if it is available. This information is stored in the database as entries in the videosource table.

Input connections

Once you have defined your capture card(s) and Source(s), you will move on to Inputs.

Inputs are where you link one or several capture cards (providing video streams) to a source of program guide data (providing information about the video streams in question).

This allows you to define channels that each capture card can record.

Beware, though: you should not link several different types of capture cards with the same source. e.g, a video source for a DVB USB dongle will have one set of channels. That same set of channels will not be used for IPTV streaming from your ISP or PCI Analog TV capture card.

One situation where you will link several capture cards with the same source is when those capture cards are all the same type (eg. all DVB and they get the same input feed, or all Analog, etc).

As part of creating the Input, you will trigger a channel scan, which should, if all goes well, automatically discover all the available TV channels that are available on your capture card, and also match the channels to Electronic Program Guide data provided by the source. Nevertheless, depending on the program guide grabber that you use, your mileage may vary quite a lot since you will often end up with a slight or big mismatch between TV channel names / CallSign / Number and EPG data identifiers that are stored in the database… No worries, though, it all can be easily corrected in the…

Channel Editor

This last setup screen shows you the result of all the previous steps: a complete list of all the channels that were detected for all the capture cards on your system, along with the name of the EPG source linked to each channel. In the edit dialog for each channel, you will be able to specify if EPG data for the channel should be gathered over the air, or should come from a specific XMLTV program ID. This is where you will see whether your XMLTV grabber correctly identified each channel or not: if not, you will end up with bogus channels with ??? as channel number. If so, simply write down the XMLTV ID for the bogus channel and put this ID in the real channel. You can then delete the bogus channel.

One thing to watch for, in case several of your capture cards receive similar channels - for example, analog and DVB cards that have some TV channels in common -you cannot use the XMLTV ID of Source 1 as the XMLTV ID for a channel that belongs to Source 2, even if the channels are the same. This sometimes means that, unfortunately, you will end up duplicating xmltv grabbing for the same channels on each source: if you are reluctant to do this, you can move on to more advanced settings and grab the guide data once, and feed it to several sources, but this is beyond the scope of this introduction.

The last element, and arguably the most important, is the channel: channels in MythTV are identified by quite a few elements: Channel Name, Channel Number, Channel Callsign, not to mention extra info such as channel frequency info, etc. Depending on the type of capture card that you use, some elements are used, and some are not: typically, for DVB channels you will not setup anything in the frequency fields - I am not quite sure whether the channel Callsign, Name or Number or a combination are used to tune the channel with DBV tuners - .

A page or section should probably be written to describe all this more in detail, but this again is beyond the scope of this intro!

Storage Groups

Storage Groups are lists of directories that are used to hold MythTV recording files. By default, there is only one Storage Group, called Default.

Note: At least one recording directory has to be added to the Default Storage Group or it will not be possible to watch/record anything with MythTV.

Additional Storage Groups can be created to store specific recordings in their own directories. Storage Groups are edited via the ‘Storage Directories’ section of mythtv-setup. It may be desirable to add multiple directories (which are mounted on different hard drives) to a Storage Group in order to spread out filesystem I/O onto multiple filesystems.

Multiple Storage Groups can also be created to group recordings together; recording schedules now have an option to specify which Storage Group to use.

MythTV will balance concurrent recordings across the available directories in a Storage Group in order to spread out the file I/O load. MythTV will prefer filesystems that are local to the backend over filesystems that are remote until the local filesystem has 2 concurrent recordings active or other equivalent I/O, then the next recording will go to the remote filesystem. The balancing method is based purely on I/O, Myth does not try to balance out disk space unless a filesystem is too low on free disk space in which case it will not be used except as a last resort.

Storage Groups are global, but can be overridden on a slave backend by creating a local Storage Group by running mythtv-setup on the slave. If a problem occurs and the slave backend is unable to use the desired Storage Group, it will fail back and try the directories defined in the master’s Storage Group.

A special ‘LiveTV’ Storage Group may also be defined. If a LiveTV Storage Group directory exists, it will be used instead of putting LiveTV recordings in the Default Storage Group, allowing LiveTV recordings to be stored on their own filesystem. This is similar to the old MythTV method which used a RingBuffer for LiveTV.

To remove a storage group from the list, highlight it and press the ‘D’ key. This does not delete the files, it only removes the directory as a storage location. If the storage group you wish to remove is not empty (which is likely the case as MythTV balances the load), you can move these files from one storage group to another with a regular filesystem move. The next time MythTV tries to access these files, it will automatically search all available storage groups to locate them.

Usage information for all Storage Group directories is visible on the mythfrontend status screen as well as the mythbackend status webpage. MythTV is smart enough to determine which directories are on shared filesystems so it should not count free or used space multiple times if more than one directory is on the same filesystem.

• Added by Darryl Ross on 2007-03-06: Some details about the algorithm and weighting Myth uses to spread out the recordings across disks in the storage groups is on the Storage Groups Weighting page. Thanks to Chris Pinkham for the details.

Storage groups, expiration, and free space settings

The global setting Extra Disk Space, specifies the amount of extra space to keep available on each filesystem, not a total amount of extra space to keep available across all filesystems. Therefore, if the Extra Disk Space is set to 3GB, it should be keeping 3GB available on all filesystems (to which Myth is recording at any particular time).

That parenthetical can actually be very important. If Myth is not recording to a filesystem, it does not autoexpire programs to make room for the data that some other process is writing to that filesystem. Therefore, until a recording starts and is being written to the filesystem in question, no programs will be expired from that filesystem.

History

Introduced in r12151 and first released in 0.21.

Documentation initially copied from Installing and using MythTV.

http://www.mythtv.org/w/images/thumb/9/93/Mythdiagram.png/200px-Mythdiagram.png

Introduction

This manual takes you through a detailed walk through into the various backend configuration options. Before doing this, a few ground concepts and terms should be explained so that the backend setup tasks sound logical to you:

With the backend of MythTV we mean the portion of the system that enables you to use capture devices as well as Scheduling Recordings on those cards, Commercial Detection, and transcoding. In short the backend process interacts with the Database and the hardware primarily.

As with the Mythfrontend, there can be multiple backends. One backend process is designated as the master backend. This is usually the first backend installed on a system. This backend is responsible for coordinating the activities of the other backends known as slaves. This is especially true for scheduling as the master backend will determine the best distribution of programs across all available tuners. Each backend can have any number of tuners. Commercial Detection can be distributed across different backends, thereby spreading the load of that process.

There is no requirement for direct user interaction with the backend. The backend can use local Hardware/File Storage or have it mounted from another system. If remotely mounted, network performance should be considered as there will be considerable traffic on the network as recordings are stored and retrieved by the backend process.

The backend and frontend communicate using their own Communications Protocol (Myth Protocol). The developer of Win Myth, a windows frontend to MythTV for playing recordings on Windows, has documented his workings on the protocol here. Work on defining the Myth Protocol is also being performed on this Wiki.}}

Running mythtv-setup

Configure the Myth backend like so

> /usr/bin/mythtv-setup

You will now see the GUI for MythTV to setup the backend server and in particular the channel tuning for our broadcast streams. You will need to set up:

General Backend settings (most user can use the defaults) See the next section for detailed explanation.
Capture Cards Add and configure your capture devices here
Video Sources create guide data. This may require you to subscribe to an online service that provides programming information specific to your location and TV service.
Input connections tell your Capture Card(s) to which Video Source they should connect. (If you are setting up an IR blaster, you will need to add a script here that controls it.)
Channel Editor scan and configure your channels here
Storage Groups Configure which folders your recordings will be saved to.
Following we will discuss the general backend settings the other configuration items will be discussed in the next chapter.

General The General settings is where you will set up the core settings of your backend. In case you are running a basic backend/frontend combined setup, you will most probably want to leave the default settings for most of this section, but in case your setup involves several separate backends and frontends, this is where you will determine the role of the backend you’re currently configuring. There are two types of backends:

• Master backend: you need at least one master backend on any MythTV setup
• Slave backend: TODO, explain the role of slave backends…

Host Address Backend Setup

Locale Settings

Miscellaneous Settings

Shutdown/Wakeup Options

sudo /usr/bin/mythsettime $time

 sudo echo $1 > /home/mythtv/myth.time
 sudo echo $1 > /proc/acpi/alarm

 sudo /usr/sbin/mythshutdown

 sudo /sbin/halt -p

 logfile=/var/log/mythtv/mythpreshutdown.log
 exstate=0
 ps_who=`who | grep -v mythtv | grep -c ':'`
 if [ $ps_who!= 0 ]; then
   echo "User logged in" >> $logfile
   exstate=1
 fi
 #run the next check on master backend only. Slave backend hostname is hardcoded...
 ping -c 3 slavebackend > /dev/null
 errorlvl=$?
 if [ $errorlvl == 0 ]; then
   echo "slave backend is up" >> $logfile
   ssh slavebackend /usr/local/bin/mythtv-preshutdown.sh
   if [ $? === 1 ]; then
     echo "slave backend not ready for shutdown yet" >> $logfile
     exstate=1
   fi
 fi
 /usr/bin/mythshutdown --check
 if [ $? == 1 ]; then
   echo "mythshutdown builtin checks prevent shutdown" >> $logfile
   exstate=1
 fi
 exit $exstate

WakeOnLan settings

MasterBackend

Reconnect wait time (secs):

Count of reconnect tries:

Wake Command

Wake command for slaves:

Job Queue (Host-Specific)

Maximum simultaneous jobs on this backend:

Run Jobs only on original recording host

Job Queue Check frequency (in seconds)

Job Queue Start Time:

Job Queue End Time:

CPU Usage

Allow Commercial Detection jobs

Allow Transcoding jobs

Allow User Job #1 jobs

Allow User Job #2 jobs

Allow User Job #3 jobs

Allow User Job #4 jobs

Job Queue (Global)

Job Queue (Job Commands)

User Job #1 Description:

User Job #1 Command:

User Job #2 Description:

User Job #2 Command:

User Job #3 Description:

User Job #3 Command:

User Job #4 Description:

User Job #4 Command:

Starting mythbackend

Once configuration is done you can test to see if the mythbackend process is running correctly by starting it in a Terminal window:

$ /usr/bin/mythbackend

Watch out for any error messages.

News

(Jun 13, 2005) First public release

What is it ?

This is not a hoax ! With a PC running Linux and a recent VGA card, you can emit a real digital TV signal in the VHF band to your DVB-T set-top box.

DVB-T emitters are usually very expensive professional devices. Now with a standard PC you can broadcast real DVB-T channels !

Examples to transmit PAL or SECAM analog signals directly to your TV are also presented.

What do you need ?

• A good knowledge of X Window and Linux and basic knowledge in electronics.
• A DVB-T set-top box able to receive VHF signals with a bandwidth of 8 MHz (unfortunately most decoders sold in UK only receive UHF signals). You can use French DVB-T receivers which accept VHF and UHF RF signals.
• A PC with a recent VGA card able to display in resolutions up to 4096×2048 with 8 bit per pixel with a pixel clock of exactly 76.5 MHz. ATI Radeon 9200SE are reported to work (their PLL can generate every frequency which is a multiple of 2.25 MHz up to 400 MHz). Other VGA cards may work too. If your card cannot generate a 76.5 MHz pixel clock, I can provide alternate images to do some testing.
• A cable connecting the VGA output to the set-top box RF input. It is possible to use antennas, but since the transmit power is very low, it is better to begin with a cable connection.

  15 pin VGA connector                 9.5mm RF connector
  -------------------                 -----------------------
  1 (red signal)         <----->      RF signal   (central pin)
  6 (red ground)         <----->      GND

Screenshots

Here are some screenshots showing the transmitted pictures. A Netgem iplayer DVB-T set-top box was used as receiver. The On Screen Display of the set-top box shows the signal parameters and quality. The pictures were grabbed using a PC TV grabber connected to the composite video output of the set-top box.

How to proceed ?

• Add the following configuration at the end of your X Window server configuration file (usually /etc/X11/XF86Config or /etc/X11/Xorg.conf):

  #########################################
  #VGA modulator config
  Section "Monitor"
          Identifier   "MonitorDAC"
          VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
          HorizSync    1.0 - 200.0
          VertRefresh  1.0 - 200.0
          Mode "dac1"
          DotClock 76.50
          # PAL/SECAM
          HTimings 4064 4064 4072 4080
          VTimings 748 748 749 750
          EndMode
  
          Mode "dac2"
          # DVB-T
          DotClock 76.50
          HTimings 3656 3656 3664 3672
          VTimings 1307 1307 1308 1309
          EndMode
  EndSection
  
  Section "Screen"
          Identifier "ScreenDAC"
          Device     "Videocard0"
          Monitor    "MonitorDAC"
          DefaultDepth     8
          SubSection "Display"
                  Depth     8
                  Modes    "dac2"
          EndSubSection
  EndSection
  #########################################

  This configuration won’t be used by default by the X Window server, so you can leave it in your default X Window configuration. VideoCard0 is assumed to be the name of your default video card.

• Launch an X server using this configuration (we assume the display :0 is your already running X11 display):

  X :1 -ac -screen ScreenDAC

  Your monitor will of course not be able to display anything because the timings are far from correct VESA timings. Unless you are using a very old monitor, there is no chance you can destroy it…Wait a few seconds and switch back to the starting X11 display (in most Linux distributions Ctrl-F7 does it). Then look at the X11 log file to see if everything was OK (usually in /var/log/XFree86.1.log or /var/log/Xorg.1.log).

• Download the following gray level image: dvbt.pgm.gz and decompress it.Display it on the :1 X11 display:

  display -display :1 -window root dvbt.pgm

• Switch to the :1 display (usually with Ctrl-F8 or Ctrl-F9, your monitor will blank) and connect the set-top box RF input to the VGA output using the cable you made.
• Configure your DVB-T set-top box to do a manual scan on channel 5 (178.75 MHz central frequency). After a few seconds, it should find a valid DVB-T signal (parameters: QAM 16, fft=2K, guard=1/32, conv=2/3). Two new channels should appear: Lena Picture and Balears Picture. Each one should display a nice still picture.
• You can also try the PAL (pal.pgm.gz) or SECAM (secam.pgm.gz) analog signals. You need to connect the VGA cable directly to your TV RF input and to use the dac1 X11 mode instead of dac2 (edit the X11 configuration file):

  ...
          SubSection "Display"
                  Depth     8
                  Modes    "dac1"
          EndSubSection
  ...

  Then by tuning your TV on the VHF channel 5 (176.00 MHz image frequency) you should see a black and white Lena picture.

How does it work ?

Every VGA card contains high speed Digital to Analog Converters (DACs), one for each Red, Blue and Green component. Here we use only the red DAC. The provided images have been computed so that the signal output to the DAC is a valid RF signal.

As we did not want to generate a 176 MHz signal directly, we use the fact that the VGA DACs generate a lot of harmonics. The real generated DVB-T signal has a central frequency of 25.71 MHz. Then the second harmonic has a frequency of 25.71+2*76.5 = 178.71 MHz which is almost exactly the central frequency of the VHF TV channel 5.

The DVB-T signal is generated with a DVB-T and DVB-H modulator I wrote from scratch. This is the most complicated step because the DVB-T modulation is quite complicated (COFDM modulation). A custom polyphase filter is used to interpolate the baseband COFDM complex signal. Then it is translated to the 25.71 MHz frequency.

I used a patched version of FFmpeg to generate a custom DVB Transport Stream containing two DVB services. Each one contains a still MPEG picture. One of the still picture is the very nice Lena.

For PAL and SECAM, I also wrote a simple TV black and white PAL encoder. Adding color would be possible, but I am not motivated enough to do it

Related links

• Tempest for Eliza is an AM radio modulator also using a VGA card. I got the idea of transmitting TV signals with a VGA card by looking at this project.
• The GNU Radio project contains source code for several modulators.

Source Code

I am sorry to announce that the source code won’t be available any time soon.

17+7 Alasan Tidak Menggunakan Susu Formula (Sufor)

Berawal dari diskusi di milis asiforbaby, tentang salah satu ibu yang minta masukan 20 alasan tidak menggunakan sufor, yang merupakan permintaan ayahnya, yang ingin cucunya diberi sufor.

Mudah-mudahan bermanfaat untuk ibu sekalian, yang barangkali sedang mempertimbangkan untuk memberikan sufor untuk bayinya, atau yang sebenarnya ingin tetap ASI, tetapi ada pihak lain yang menyarankan untuk memberikan sufor.

Saya bukan anti sufor, anak ketiga saya ASI plus sufor karena memang ASI pompaan saya selama jam kerja tidak mencukupi. Namun, penggunaan sufor harus dengan pertimbangan yang sangat-sangat panjang, dan merupakan alternatif terakhir setelah upaya peningkatan produksi ASI dan penggunaan donor ASI.

Dari saya, ketemu 17 alasan berikut, dalam point-point yang singkat :

1. ASI masih cukup
2. Sufor bisa membuat sembelit, pada beberapa kasus membuat mencret
3. Kalau sudah minum sufor ada kemungkinan ngga mau ASI lagi, karena rasa sufor yang lebih “enak”
4. Sufor adalah susu sapi, bagaimana pun ada kemungkinan ketidakcocokan dengan bayi non sapi
5. Ada beberapa kasus bayi memiliki intoleransi terhadap laktosa pada susu formula
6. Ada beberapa bayi alergi sufor (bintik merah, gangguan pernafasan)
7. Sufor lebih sulit dicerna bayi, karena komposisinya berbeda dengan ASI
8. Beberapa bayi cenderung menjadi kegemukan setelah minum sufor
9. Anak menjadi keterusan minum susu padahal setelah besar tidak perlu lagi
10. Perlu biaya tambahan untuk beli sufor, ASI gratis
11. Sufor adalah susu cair yang dikeringkan lalu dicairkan lagi, proses pembuatan terlalu panjang, nilai gizi sudah sangat berkurang
12. Sufor banyak ditambahkan zat-zat kimia untuk mengganti gizi yang hilang, memberatkan ginjal bayi
13. Beratnya kerja ginjal dan pencernaan karena minum sufor, dapat menyebabkan tubuh tidak fokus, sehingga daya tahan tubuh berkurang
14. Karena rasa sufor yang manis, anak menjadi pemilih makanan
15. Jika anak terlalu banyak minum sufor karena rasanya yang manis, jadi terlalu kenyang untuk makan yang lain
16. Sufor dibuat untuk pengganti ASI, jika ASI masih ada, tidak perlu sufor
17. Susu bubuk awalnya dibuat untuk dibawa ke daerah yang jauh, agar tidak rusak. Jika kondisi tersebut tidak terjadi, sebenarnya tidak perlu susu bubuk.

Dari member milis yang lain, yang pernah bekerja di perusahaan susu, ada 7 point yang lebih komprehensif berikut :

1. Sufor adalah susu sapi yang sampai kapanpun tidak akan pernah sama dengan ASI.

2. Sufor yang tagline-nya kaya akan AA, DHA, kolin, dll yang fungsinya untuk otak, itu adalah smuanya premix atau bahan kimia sintetis & bukan alami. Sebagaimana kita tahu bahan kimia sintetis/buatan yang bila diberikan dalam jangka panjang akan memberikan efek samping yang dikhawatirkan akan merugikan.

3. Gula pada sufor mayoritas berupa sukrosa (dengan jumlah yang sangat tinggi di salah satu sufor). Ada juga sufor yang klaimnya tidak mengandung gula, tetapi gula karbohidrat berupa laktosa yang mirip dengan ASI. Namun, sampai kapanpun tidak akan pernah ada produsen yang dapat membuat gula persis dengan ASI. Gula tambahan itu yang akan menjadi bahan aditif, sehingga bayi ketergantungan pada sufor karena rasanya yang manis. Gula itu juga bersamaan akan mengganggu kerja organ ginjal bayi sehingga lebih berat untuk mencerna gula atau disebut Renal Salute Load (RSL).

4. Kasein pada sufor susah dicerna oleh bayi, sehingga membuat gumpalan di pencernaan bayi, yang membuat bayi mengalami gangguan pencernaan.

5. Memberatkan kantong

6. Jika diperhatikan di setiap kemasan sufor pasti ada tulisan keciiiilll “ASI adalah makanan terbaik untuk bayi”. Jadi di setiap kemasan ada warning, tetapi tetap menggencarkan kampanye untuk menjaga kontinuitas usahanya. Hal ini sebenarnya sudah melanggar peraturan dari WHO yang menyatakan bahwa sufor itu hanya untuk bayi yang benar-benar sangat tidak bisa mendapatkan ASI dari ibunya, karena ibunya mengalami gangguan sehingga ASI tidak keluar dalam jangka waktu lama) dan pemberiannya harus berdasarkan resep dokter.

7. Business is business, dan target sufor tetap berjalan, sehingga marketing tetap digencarkan untuk mengeluarkan stock sufor untuk bayi yang sebenarnya tidak membutuhkan.

SEJARAH

Sejarah keberadaan susu formula bermula pada 1867. Saat itu Henri Nestle berniat menolong bayi agar lebih sehat. Namun tak disangka-sangka pemasarannya menjadi tidak terkendali. Seorang dokter asal Singapura, Cecille, 72 tahun kemudian, menemukan bahaya susu formula pada bayi, bahkan sampai berakibat kematian.

Lalu berbagai tuntutan pada produsen susu formula terjadi di Swiss dan negara-negara lain. Mereka dituding sebagai penyebab banyak kematian bayi.

Karena banyaknya tuntutan hukum itulah, lembaga swadaya masyarakat yang peduli pada kesehatan bayi dan Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) duduk bersama untuk meneliti dan membicarakan jalan keluarnya. Pada 1981, WHO berhasil membuat kode internasional yang membatasi pemasaran susu formula, bukan pembuatannya.

Dalam Pasal 5.5 Kode WHO menyatakan: personel pemasaran dalam kapasitas bisnisnya hendaknya tidak melakukan kontak langsung atau tidak langsung dalam bentuk apa pun dengan perempuan hamil atau dengan ibu dari bayi atau anak (balita). Kode WHO itu diadopsi dengan Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Tahun 1997 mengenai pemasaran pengganti air susu ibu.

Dua belas tahun kemudian Undang-Undang Kesehatan Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 memperkuat hak setiap anak untuk mendapatkan air susu ibu secara eksklusif selama enam bulan. Sanksinya, jika ada pihak yang mengganggu, bisa dipidanakan penjara 1 tahun atau denda Rp 100 juta.

Jika itu dilakukan oleh korporasi seperti tempat kerja ibu, rumah sakit, produsen susu, si pelaku bisa terancam pidana tiga tahun penjara,kata Ketua Sentra Laktasi Indonesia, dokter Utami Roesli

Asosiasi Ibu Menyusui Indonesia adalah organisasi yang dengan gigih berjuang memantau jika ada pihak yang merayu ibu menyusui menggunakan susu formula.Karena produsen susu sudah membidik sejak ibu masih mengandung, menggunakan susu selama kehamilan, dengan harapan nantinya juga terjadi pada bayi yang dilahirkan, ujar ketua asosiasi, Mia Sutanto.

Ibu dua anak ini berharap masyarakat melaporkan jika ada pelayan kesehatan membujuk, menyuruh, atau mengiming-imingi agar ibu memberikan susu formula selain air susunya.Kami akan berjuang di level kebijakan agar tak hanya dijadikan tempat sampah untuk mengobati bayi korban susu formula,ujar seorang pengurus Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia cabang Jakarta, Asti Praborini.

sumber: Tempo | editor: ria laksmi

Atas Nama Undang Undang, Kode Etik Penelitian

IPB tentang Susu E Sakazakii Bisa Gugur

Institut Pertanian Bogor menolak mengumumkan merek susu formula yang mengandung bakteri Enterobacter Sakazakii karena alasan etika penelitian. Namun, jika penelitian itu menggunakan dana APBN maka etika penelitian bisa digugurkan.Arif Budimanta, Anggota Komisi XI DPR RI, membenarkan pernyataan Rektor IPB, Herry Suhardianto, yang mengatakan bahwa penelitian bakteri pada susu formula menggunakan dana APBN. Maka berdasarkan Pasal 23 UUD 1945, setiap lembaga yang menggunakan dana APBN itu harus bertanggung jawab kepada masyarakat. Salah satu tanggung jawab itu adalah mengumumkan hasil penelitian itu kepada masyarakat.

Nah kalau atas nama undang-undang yang mengharuskan pertanggungjawaban kepada masyarakat, maka etika penelitian itu bisa gugur, ujar Arif di Jakarta, Rabu (16/2).

Menurutnya, dampak dari tidak diumumkannya merek susu yang tidak terkontaminasi bakteri itu adalah munculnya keresahan dari masyarakat. Masyarakat menjadi resah karena khawatir susu formula yang dikonsumsi oleh bayi-bayi mereka terkena dampak buruk dari bakteri itu.

IPB tidak punya wewenang

Salah satu alasan IPB menolak hasil penelitian tersebut karena terkait kode etik penelitan. Kode etik penelitian internasional mengatur bahwa merek suatu barang yang dijadikan objek penelitian itu tidak boleh disebutkan.

Selain itu, IPB juga tidak berwenang untuk mengumumkan merek susu formula atau merek obat dan makanan yang mengandung sesuatu yang mencurigakan. IPB menyatakan hal tersebut adalah kewenangan Badan Pemeriksaan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM).

Persoalan susu berbakteri ini bermula ketika peneliti IPB menemukan adanya kontaminasi Enterobacter Sakazakii sebesar 22,73 persen dari 22 sampel susu formula yang beredar tahun 2003 hingga 2006. Hasil riset itu diumumkan pada Februari 2008 ke media massa. Padahal, IPB mengaku tidak memiliki kewenangan untuk mengumumkan hal itu.Atas penelitian itu, masyarakat pengguna susu formula membawa masalah ini ke ranah hukum supaya IPB mengumumkan merek susu yang tercemar bakteri.

Proses hukum itu membuat Mahkamah Agung (MA) memutuskan dan memerintahkan IPB untuk memberikan nama-nama susu formula yang tercemar bakteri tersebut. Namun, IPB menolak mengumumkannya dengan alasan belum mendapatkan putusan kasasi Mahkamah Agung tersebut.

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Minggu pertama bulan Agustus dicanangkan sebagai pekan ASI Sedunia. Untuk tahun ini, tema yang diangkat adalah “Breastfeeding and Family Food: Loving and Healthy.” Tema ini sepertinya tepat sekali ditujukan bagi anak-anak di negeri tercinta. Maraknya kasus busung lapar di berbagai daerah di Indonesia rasanya tidak akan terjadi seandainya semua orang tua mendapat pencerahan akan manfaat ASI.

Namun banyak ibu mengeluh bukannya tidak mau memberikan ASI eksklusif selama 6 bulan, hanya saja jumlah ASI-nya dirasa tak mencukupi. Sebenarnya hal ini tidak akan terjadi bila ibu menguasai teknik menyusui maupun memerah ASI dengan benar. Bagaimana caranya? Jangan khawatir, kami akan membagikan kiatnya untuk Anda. Mulai masa persiapan selama kehamilan, apa yang harus dilakukan bila ASI pertama keluar, sampai bagaimana posisi menyusui yang benar.

Bagi ibu bekerja, dilema kembali menghadang setelah waktu cuti tiga bulan berlalu. Apakah ASI eksklusif akan diteruskan atau cukup sampai di sini saja? Padahal kembali bekerja bukanlah hambatan untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif. Dengan teknik memerah yang benar serta penyimpanan yang tepat, si kecil tetap terpenuhi haknya. Tak kalah pentingnya adalah peran ayah serta dukungan lingkungan.

Tentu masih banyak pertanyaan seputar pemberian ASI yang perlu dituntaskan. Untuk itu, kami mencoba meluruskan mitos dan kesimpangsiuran informasi mengenai ASI.

Selanjutnya, pemberian makanan pendamping ASI menjadi tugas penting saat si bayi telah berusia 6 bulan. Tujuannya mengenalkan rasa dan tekstur makanan yang lebih padat daripada susu. Bagaimana membuatnya? Ikuti aneka resep yang kami sajikan di buklet ini.

Nah, bila Anda ingin memberikan yang terbaik bagi si buah hati, bulatkan tekad untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif selama 6 bulan. Daya tahan bayi terhadap penyakit jelas lebih tinggi, dan jalinan emosi ibu-anak akan begitu serasi. Kalau Anda yakin, Anda pasti bisa!

Marfuah Panji Astuti

MANFAAT ASI: IBU SEHAT, BAYI KUAT

Dengan memberikan ASI eksklusif selama 6 bulan, sederet manfaat akan didapat oleh bayi maupun sang ibu.

Banyak penelitian telah membuktikan kehebatan ASI. Cairan kehidupan ini ditengarai memiliki kandungan gizi, nutrisi, dan antibodi yang paling lengkap. Salah satu hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di 6 negara berkembang membuktikan, bayi usia 0-2 bulan yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif lebih rentan terkena infeksi pencernaan hingga 400%!

Yang dimaksud dengan ASI eksklusif adalah pemberian ASI selama 6 bulan tanpa dicampur dengan apa pun, termasuk air bening, vitamin dan obat. Bayi yang sakit dan terpaksa harus diberi obat berarti sudah tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif lagi. Namun harap dipahami, pada dasarnya bayi tipis kemungkinan sakit bila 6 bulan pertama dalam kehidupannya mendapat ASI eksklusif secara benar. Sebab zat antibodi yang terkandung dalam ASI sedemikian sempurna sehingga bisa membentengi bayi dari penyakit apa pun.

Satu hal yang harus diyakini terlebih dulu adalah tiap ibu pasti bisa memberikan ASI untuk bayinya. Tuhan Yang Maha Pemurah telah menciptakan mekanisme produksi ASI begitu rupa sehingga semua bayi pada dasarnya bisa memperoleh haknya. Kendala-kendala yang muncul bisa diatasi selama persiapan yang dilakukan dan teknik pemberiannya benar.

MANFAAT ASI BAGI BAYI

Pemberian ASI secara eksklusif (tidak dicampur apa pun selama 6 bulan berturut-turut) memberikan sederet manfaat:

* Kesehatan

Kandungan antibodi yang terdapat dalam ASI tetap ampuh di segala zaman. Karenanya, bayi yang mendapat ASI eksklusif lebih sehat dan lebih kuat dibanding yang tidak mendapat ASI. ASI juga mampu mencegah terjadinya kanker linfomamaligna (kanker kelenjar).

ASI juga menghindarkan anak dari busung lapar, seperti yang marak belakangan ini. Sebab komponen gizi ASI paling lengkap, termasuk protein, lemak, karbohidrat, mineral, vitamin, dan zat-zat penting lain yang belum terungkap. Apalagi ASI adalah cairan hidup yang mampu diserap dan digunakan tubuh dengan cepat. Manfaat ini tetap diperoleh meski status gizi ibu kurang.

* Kecerdasan

Manfaat berikutnya adalah mencerdaskan anak. Dalam ASI terkandung DHA terbaik, selain laktosa yang berfungsi untuk proses mielinisasi otak. Seperti diketahui, mielinisasi otak adalah salah satu proses pematangan otak agar bisa berfungsi optimal. Saat ibu memberikan ASI, terjadi pula proses stimulasi yang merangsang terbentuknya networking antarjaringan otak hingga menjadi lebih banyak dan terjalin sempurna. Ini terjadi melalui suara, tatapan mata, detak jantung, elusan, pancaran dan rasa ASI.

* Emosi

Saat disusui, bayi berada dalam dekapan ibu. Ini akan merangsang terbentuknya EI (Emotional Intelligence). Selain itu, ASI merupakan wujud curahan kasih sayang ibu pada buah hatinya. Doa dan harapan yang didengungkan di telinga anak selama proses menyusui pun akan mengasah kecerdasan spiritual anak.

MANFAAT MEMBERIKAN ASI UNTUK IBU

Selain bermanfaat untuk bayi, proses pemberian ASI juga bermanfaat bagi ibu. Berikut di antaranya:

* Diet alami

ASI eksklusif adalah diet alami bagi ibu. Dengan memberikan ASI eksklusif, berat badan ibu yang bertambah selama hamil akan segera kembali mendekati berat semula. Naiknya hormon oksitosin selagi menyusui, menyebabkan kontraksi semua otot polos, termasuk otot-otot rahim. Nah, karena ini berlangsung terus-menerus, nilainya kurang lebih sama dengan senam perut. Begitu juga aktivitas bangun malam untuk menyusui si kecil yang haus dan mengganti popok basahnya yang setara dengan olahraga. Belum lagi berbagai kegiatan yang dilakukan di siang hari, seperti, menggendong, memberi makan, mengajak bermain dan sebagainya.

* Mencegah kanker

Jangan salah, ASI bisa mencegah kanker, khususnya kanker payudara. Pada saat menyusui, hormon estrogen mengalami penurunan. Sementara tanpa aktivitas menyusui, kadar hormon estrogen tetap tinggi dan inilah yang diduga menjadi salah satu pemicu kanker payudara karena tidak adanya keseimbangan antara hormon estrogen dan progesteron.

* Mengurangi risiko anemia

Saat memberikan ASI, otomatis risiko perdarahan pascabersalin berkurang. Naiknya kadar hormon oksitosin selama menyusui akan menyebabkan semua otot polos mengalami kontraksi. Kondisi inilah yang mengakibatkan uterus mengecil sekaligus menghentikan perdarahan. Harap diketahui, perdarahan yang berlangsung dalam tenggang waktu lama merupakan salah satu penyebab anemia.

* Manfaat ekonomis

Dengan menyusui, ibu tidak perlu mengeluarkan dana untuk membeli susu/suplemen bagi si kecil. Cukup dengan ASI eksklusif, kebutuhan bayi selama 6 bulan terpenuhi dengan sempurna. Selain tak perlu repot-repot mensterilkan aneka peralatan untuk memberikan susu kepada si kecil.

Gazali Solahuddin. Foto: Ferdi/NAKITA Narasumber:

Dr. I.G.A.N. Partiwi, Sp.A., MARS